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Volume 83 – No. 1

Nostalgia, Anxiety and Hope: Migration and Ethnic Identity of Chosonjok in China

Wang-Bae Kim

DOI: 10.5509/201083195

  • English Abstract
  • French Abstract

 

Although the migration of Koreans to Manchuria has a long history, the main influx occurred after 1910 when Korean agricultural peasants and industrial entrepreneurs migrated mostly to the area above the Korean peninsula and Harbin and Shenyang to seek newly emerging economic opportunities. Currently, there are approximately two million people of Korean ancestry living in China with the majority of that population concentrated in the Manchurian region. Recently, a considerable number of ethnic Koreans (Chosŏnjok), both female and male, have moved away to urban centres elsewhere in China in the midst of rapid urbanization and industrialization. Moreover, after normalization of diplomatic relations between the PRC and South Korea in 1992, some Chosŏnjok in China have travelled to South Korea as migrant workers, especially young Chosŏnjok women who have arrived as marriage partners for South Korean men. As the PRC developed economically and its international stature rose, younger ethnic Koreans found themselves faced with more choices. As well, the weak autonomy of civil society within the region has made it difficult to reinforce ethnic Korean identity through discursive means. With the migration and concurrent in-migration of Han-Chinese to Chosŏnjok villages and cities, many Chosŏnjok in the formerly homogenous communities are experiencing a loss of ethnic identity and solidarity. This produces a complicate feeling of nostalgia for the past among older Chosŏnjok and of anxiety and hope for the future among Chosŏnjok of all ages.

Nostalgie, Anxiété et Espoir: La Migration et l’identité ethnique des Chosonjõks en Chine

Bien que la migration coréenne en Manchourie possède une longue histoire, son afflux le plus important s’est produit après 1910, lorsque les agriculteurs coréens et les entrepreneurs industriels émigrèrent en majoritéé dans la région située au-dessus de la péninsule coréenne, ainsi qu’à Harbin et à Shenyang, afin d’accéder aux récentes opportunités économiques émergentes. Il y a actuellement deux millions de personnes d’origine coréenne établis en Chine dont la majorité se concentre en Manchourie. Un nombre important de Coréens ethniques, les Chosonjoks, hommes et femmes, sont récemment partis s’installer dans les centres urbains à travers la Chine au milieu d’une urbanisation et d‘une industrialisation rapide. Par ailleurs, à la suite des relations de normalisations diplomatiques en 1992 entre la République de Chine Populaire et la Corée du Sud, un nombre de Chosonjoks a quitté la Chine en tant que travailleurs migrants pour la Corée du Sud, particulièrement des jeunes femmes Chosonjoks qui arrivèrent déjà mariées à des Coréens. Alors que la Chine se développe sur le plan économique et que sa stature internationale s’accroît, les jeunes Coréens ethniques se voient confrontés à plusieurs options. De plus, l’affaiblissement de l’indépendance du libre-arbitre de la société civile a rendu difficile, au travers de moyens discursifs, le renforcement de l’identité ethnique des Coréens dans la région. Dû à l’émigration et la migration interne concourante des Chinois Han dans les villages et les cités des Chosonjoks, nombre de Chosonjoks qui vivaient jadis dans des communautés homogènes, sont en train d’expérimenter une perte d’identité et de solidarité. Ceci a donné lieu parmi les Chosonjoks les plus âgés à un sentiment complexe de nostlagie sur le passé, tandis qu’un mélange d’anxiété et d’espoir envers le futur en est pour les Chosonjoks de tout âge la conséquence.

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