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Volume 96 – No. 1

Comparing Religious Intolerance in Indonesia by Affiliations to Muslim Organizations

Hariyadi
Universitas Jenderal Soedirman, Indonesia

Akhmad Rizal Shidiq
Leiden University, The Netherlands

Arief Anshory Yusuf
Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Dharra Widdhyaningtyas Mahardhika
Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia

Keywords: religious intolerance, Islam, Indonesia, interfaith relations, religious organization, quantitative analysis, microdata

DOI: 10.5509/20239615

  • English Abstract
  • Chinese Abstract

Very few studies explicitly, let alone quantitatively, examine gaps in religious intolerance among individual Muslims based on affiliation with major Muslim organizations in Indonesia. Most existing studies either focus on a single organization (non-comparative), are at the organizational policy level (not examining individual attitudes), or use a limited number of samples in their analysis. Against this backdrop, this study compares Indonesian Muslims’ levels of religious intolerance based on their affiliation with Muslim organizations or traditions: Nahdlatul Ulama (NU), Muhammadiyah, and other organizations. We utilize a large-scale household survey, the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey-5, and run an ordinal logistic regression to identify organizations’ rank on the religious intolerance scale. We find that Muslims without any affiliation with a Muslim organization (some 18 percent of Indonesian Muslims) are the most tolerant. Against this reference group, we find that NU followers are generally the most tolerant, followed by those affiliated with Muhammadiyah, and those affiliated with other Muslim organizations. This finding adds a stock of knowledge to our understanding of religion and society, especially regarding interfaith relations in Indonesia and in the Muslim world in general. Methodologically, this study also shows the benefit and feasibility of identifying the dynamic of religious intolerance using a quantitative approach at a micro level.

根据与穆斯林组织的从属关系比较印度尼西亚的宗教不宽容

关键词: 宗教不宽容,伊斯兰教,印度尼西亚,宗教间关系,宗教组织,量化分析,微观数据。

极少有根据与主要穆斯林组织的从属关系来明确检验——且不说用量化方法检验——印度尼西亚的穆斯林个人在宗教不宽容度上的差异的研究。 大多数现存研究要么(非比较性地)关注某个单一组织, 集中在组织政策层面(而非检验个体态度), 要么在分析中仅使用有限数量的样本。 在此背景之下, 本研究以印度尼西亚的穆斯林与伊斯兰教士联合会(NU)、穆罕马迪亚以及其他穆斯林组织或者传统的从属关系为基础,比较了他们的宗教不宽容水平。我们利用了大规模住户调查——2014年印度尼西亚家庭生活调查-5——并且通过有序logistic回归分析来辨识组织在宗教宽容量表上的排名。我们发现不隶属任何穆斯林组织的穆斯林个体(大约占印度尼西亚穆斯林的百分之十八)是最为宽容的。以此作为参照组,我们发现伊斯兰教士联合会的追随者一般来说是最为宽容的,穆罕马迪亚成员次之,然后是那些其他伊斯兰教组织的成员。这个发现为我们理解宗教和社会增加了新的知识,尤其是关于印度尼西亚以及一般情况下穆斯林世界的宗教间关系的知识。从方法论角度而言,本研究也表明了在微观层面使用量化方法来辨识宗教不宽容的动态的优势和可行性。

Translated by Li Guo

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Last Revised: February 28, 2023
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