This article re-examines the five-decade-old Tibetan struggle against Chinese rule, asking what drives this multifaceted resistance. It argues that identity insecurity has been at the heart of the Tibetan struggle, and takes a position against the problematic practice in both the academic literature and popular discourse of treating Chinese policies and practices as security-driven and the Tibetan struggle as motivated by ethno-nationalistic impulses. It charts the vigorous contestation within the Tibetan diaspora between those standing for complete independence and others who are satisfied with “greater autonomy” and examines the multifaceted resistance inside Tibet. It also recognizes the unifying effects of the widespread loyalty to the Dalai Lama and fears for the survival of the Tibetan identity. The article also examines the links between Tibet and its diaspora. All these themes are developed while demonstrating the security rationale behind the Tibetan struggle.
身份危機與西藏對中國的抵抗
本文重新考察了西藏持續五十年之久的對中國統治的反抗，並追問是什麼在驅動這些多種形式的抵抗。本文認為身份安全問題一直處於西藏抵抗活動的中心。本文質疑學術界文獻和通俗話語的看法，即中國的政策和實踐是由安全性驅動的，而西藏的抵抗則是出於民族主義衝動。本文分析了各種立場之間的激烈爭論，包括西藏流散人士中主張全面獨立的觀點及其他滿足僅於獲得“更大自主權”的群體的論點，並考察了西藏內部的多種層面的抵抗活動。本文指出，對達賴喇嘛廣泛的效忠及對西藏身份存亡的擔憂相互作用共同影響了西藏的抵抗活動。文章還探討了西藏與其流散人士之間的聯繫。本文認為，身份安全性問題與所有的主題都相關，因而是理解西藏鬥爭的關鍵。
Translated from English by Xin Huang
Tsering Topgyal