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Volume 82 – No. 1

Unused Powers: Contestation over Autonomy Legislation in the PRC.

Yash Ghai and Sophia Woodman

DOI: 10.5509/200982129

  • English Abstract
  • French Abstract

 

The most important power granted to autonomous areas in China’s system of Nationalities Regional Autonomy should allow them to modify higher-level laws and policies through autonomy legislation. This is one of the two principal methods for the exercise of autonomy, with the other being the holding of key government posts by minority members. Yet efforts by the five autonomous regions to exercise their powers to enact autonomy legislation have been repeatedly blocked. The granting of autonomy powers in the PRC has been half-hearted, and few powers commonly associated with autonomy systems are available to autonomous areas. Even so, in China as elsewhere, giving autonomy legal expression, however vague, has made the law a field for contention over its proper meaning and scope.

Based primarily on Chinese documentary sources, this article focuses on contestation over the meaning of autonomy in the terrain of law. In their explorations of the modification power and the relative status of autonomy legislation, legal scholars and minority activists articulate a vision of autonomy under a future constitutionally governed state. Such an “extensive” autonomy, defined by its historical roots to allow for different “systems,” could potentially provide some space for real self-government. In contrast, some powerful central government institutions block development of this fi eld of law, implicitly supporting the view that autonomy is history and economic development holds the key to the future. Even given the necessary political will, in the absence of the key components of autonomy systems, divisions within the Chinese state could create barriers to the realization of “genuine autonomy.”

Pouvoirs dilapidés: Controverses sur la législation de l’autonomie en Chine Populaire

Le pouvoir le plus puissant accordé aux régions autonomes, au sein du système d’autonomie de la Chine envers les nationalités régionales chinoises devrait leur permettre de modifier les lois à haut-niveau ainsi que les politiques au travers de cette législation sur l’autonomie. C’est là l’une des deux méthodes pour implémenter l’autonomie, et dont l’autre en est l’attribution de postes clés à des membres minoritaires. Toutefois, les efforts des cinq régions autonomes à exercer leurs pouvoirs pour mettre en vigueur une telle législation d’autonomie ont été constamment bloqués. Bien que vague, l’attribution de pouvoirs autonomes, généralement associée avec l’expression d’autonomie légale, a fait de la législation un domaine de contestation quant à sa signification propre ainsi qu’à sa portée.

Fondé principalement sur des sources de documentations chinoises, cet article se focalise sur la contestation aux dépends de la signification propre de l’autonomie, telle que préconisé par la législation. Dans leurs recherches sur le remaniement du pouvoir et le statut relatif d’une législation sur l’autonomie, les experts juridiques et les activistes minoritaires articulent une vision d’autonomie vue sous un état gouverné constitutionellement. Une telle autonomie “extensive”, définie par ses racines historiques permettant plusieurs “systèmes”, pourrait éventuellement fournir l’espace nécessaire pour un gouvernement autonome crédible. En revanche, de puissantes institutions gouvernementales centrales font barrage au développement d’une telle législation., soutenant sans réserves l’idée que l’autonomie fait partie de l’histoire et que le développement économique est à lui seul l’agent de l’avenir. Malgré la présence d’une réelle volonté politique, les clivages existant au sein de l’état chinois pourraient, en l’absence de composantes clés de systèmes autonomes, créer des barrages à la réalisation “d’une autonomie véritable”.

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