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Volume 83 – No. 2

Autonomy for Southern Thailand: Thinking the Unthinkable?

Duncan McCargo

DOI: 10.5509/2010832261

  • English Abstract
  • French Abstract

 

Nearly 4000 people have died since 2004 in a violent conflict affecting Thailand’s Malay-majority southern border provinces: Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, and four districts of neighbouring Songkhla. Offering some form of autonomy or substantive decentralization to this troubled region might seem like an obvious response to the violence, but the topic has remained largely taboo until recently. Autonomy is seen by Bangkok in essentially pre-Cold War terms, as the thin end of the wedge, which could prefigure an unravelling of the unitary state crafted during the time of King Chulalongkorn. Nevertheless, in recent years a number of senior figures from different positions in Thai society have voiced support for alternative governance arrangements for the deep South. These have included Dr Prawase Wasi (one of the architects of the 1997 constitution), former prime minister Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, former interior minister Chalerm Yubamrung, and a number of academics. Their proposals range from full autonomy for the deep South to a national project of regionalisation, as well as the creation of a new ministry to oversee the area. Prime Minister Abhisit Vejjajiva has offered mixed messages on the subject, but has indicated sympathy for some form of decentralization. This article argues that despite the controversial nature of such proposals, there is a slowly emerging consensus around the need for a political solution to the conflict. In other words, Thailand is moving towards a post-Cold War understanding of autonomy as a means of preserving rather than undermining the nation state.

Autonomie du sud de la Thaïlande: Est-ce pensable ou impensable?

Plus de 400 personnes périrent en 2004 au cours d’un violent conflit affectant les provinces avoisinantes du sud à majorité Malais, Pattani,Yala, Narathiwat, ainsi que quatre districts aux alentours de Songkhla. Offir une forme d’autonomie ou de décentralisation importante dans une région perturbée peut sembler être une réponse évidente à la violence, mais le sujet est jusqu’à récemment demeuré largement tabou. L’autonomie est perçue par Bangkok en termes essentiellement d’avant la Guerre-froide, ce qui serait le commencement de la fin, et qui pourrait préfigurer la dissolution d’un état homogène érigé sous le règne du roi Chulalongkorn. Un certain nombre de personalités notables provenant de diverses couches de la société thaïlandaise ont néanmoins donné récemment leur soutien pour des dispositions de gouvernance alternatives envers le sud profond. Ces personalités se composent du Dr Prawase Wasi, l’un des architectes de la consitution de 1997, de l’ancien premier ministre Chavalit Yongchaiyudh, de l’ancien ministre de l’intérieur, ChalermYubamrung, et d’un nombre d’universitaires. Leurs propositions s’échelonnent à partir d’une autonomie absolue pour le sud profond à un projet national de régionalisation, avec la création d’un nouveau ministère pour superviser la région. Le premier ministre, Abhisit Vejjajiva, a lancé des messages ambigus sur le sujet tout en laissant percer une certaine sympathie pour une forme de décentralisation. Cet article soutient que malgré la nature controversée de telles propositions, un consensus émerge peu à peu pour le besoin de trouver une solution politique au conflit. En d’autres termes, la Thaïlande se dirige vers une modèle de l’après Guerre-froide de l’autonomie, comme étant une moyen de préserver plutôt que d’ébranler l’état nation.

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