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Volume 81 – No. 1

North Korean Market Vendors: The Rise of Grassroots Capitalists in a Post-Stalinist Society

Andrei Lankov and Kim Seok-hyang

DOI: 10.5509/200881153

  • English Abstract
  • French Abstract

 

The article deals with the social changes that have taken place in North Korea since the mid-1990s, when the collapse of the centrally planned economy led to the growth of private commercial activity. This activity remains technically illegal, but the relevant bans and restrictions have been rarely enforced due to endemic corruption and disorganization of the state bureaucracy. The article is largely based on in-depth interviews with North Korean black market operators. It traces their origins, the type and scale of their businesses, and changes in their mode of operations.

The article demonstrates that the “second economy” came to dominate North Korean economic life by the late 1990s, since authorities’ attempts to limit its scale were largely ineffective. The growth of the “second economy” produced new grassroots capitalists who sometimes came from underprivileged social groups, but more typically represented people with good official connections. It is also remarkable that foreign connections (usually with China) played a major role: to a large extent, merchandise sold at the North Korean markets either came from overseas or was to be exported overseas eventually, and in many cases the merchants’ initial capital was also provided by relatives residing overseas.

Les Négociants de marché Nord-coréen: l’essor des capitalistes de masse dans une société post-stalinienne

Ce papier se porte sur les changements sociaux qui ont pris place en Corée du Nord depuis le milieu des années 90s, lorsque l’effondrement de l’économie planifiée d’état conduisit au développement du commerce privatisé. Cette activité reste techniquement illégale,mais les embargos adéquats et les restrictions ont rarement été mis en vigueur, dû à une corruption endémique et une désorganisation dans l’administration de l’état. Cet article est, dans une grande mesure, basé sur des enterviews de fond avec les opérateurs du marché noir nord-coréen. Il retrace ses origines, le genre et l’échelle de leur négoce, ainsi que les changements dans leurs modes d’opérations.

Cet article démontre que vers la fin des années 90, “l’économie secondaire” vint à dominer la vie économique nord-coréenne, étant donné que toutes tentatives des authorités à limiter son expansion furent largement inefficaces. La croissance de cette “économie secondaire” produisit de nouveaux capitalistes de masse qui provenaient souvent de groupes sociaux défavorisés, mais plus spécifiquement, représentant des gens ayant de bonnes relations avec les dirigeants. Il reste aussi à noté que des relations étrangères, le plus souvent la Chine, jouèrent un rôle majeur; à savoir, la merchandise vendue sur les marchés nord-coréens provenait en partie de l’étranger ou bien devait finalement être exportée à l’étranger. Dans nombre

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An International Review of Asia and the Pacific

School of Public Policy and Global Affairs

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